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Well, I didn't suggest that draconian punishments do anything to stop someone who's already using drugs. I said that they can help to prevent the problem from spreading to others. As in, they might deter someone else from giving that particular offense a go. Fair to say, no?
With an expulsion (though I'd say pot busts don't warrant it), you'd be calling the "bad" element a lost cause, helping to prevent them from enabling others, and sending a message. Seems reasonable to me, given the right circumstances.
Right, as idiggory correctly points out, they just don't work. Sounds good in theory, but recall, for example, that in some countries, theft has historically been punishable by having your hand cut off. Did that stop theft? Not even close. As I alluded to, when people are already getting away with it, and they are in virtually every school in the nation (and the athlete and rule in question here are no exception), it sends a much stronger message that it's safe to do, and only makes the harsh punishment for getting caught seem draconian, unreasonable, and unfair.
Essentially, every time a person performs a behavior or perceives another doing a behavior without punishment, that reinforces the belief that they will not be punished. Take speeding for example. And when punishment is rare, then when if it ever does come, then it is dismissed as one-off, bad luck. The lesson simply becomes "don't get caught," which is almost never the intention of the rule.
Particularly when you're talking about school, expulsion doesn't make a bad influence go away, it just gives them a lot more time to be a bad influence and a detriment to society. That kid expelled for drugs is likely going to turn into a drug dealer. It's better to keep them IN school.