This isn't the answer you want, but you're likely boned.
The error in question is almost always a physical error on the disk media.
I'm not sure what you were trying to do with the Sata to USB thing, is it an external drive?
You could try downloading a linux liveCD, plugging it back into the SATA controller and seeing if you can mount it in linux. There's a slim chance you're having some sort of weird I/O error in Windows, but it's really pretty slim.
If the data is very important, you can certainly recover it at varying costs depending on how badly the disk is damaged.
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